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EC, 2021, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, ‘Pathway to a Healthy Planet for All EU Action Plan: ‘Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil’’.
EC, 2025, REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS The Fourth Clean Air Outlook.
EC, et al., 2025, Support to the development of the fourth clean air outlook: final report, Publications Office of the European Union.
EEA, 2024a, Exceedance of air quality standards in Europe, Indicator AIR003, European Environment Agency.
EEA, 2024b, ‘Air pollutant emissions data viewer (Gothenburg Protocol, Air Convention) 1990-2022 | European Environment Agency's’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/air-pollution/air-pollutant-emissions-data-viewer-1990-2022) accessed 5 February 2025.
EEA, 2025a, ‘Air Quality e-Reporting (AQ e-Reporting)’ (https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/catalogue/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/3b390c9c-f321-490a-b25a-ae93b2ed80c1) accessed 10 March 2025.
EEA, 2025b, ‘Methane, climate change and air quality in Europe: exploring the connections’ (https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/methane-climate-change-and-air-quality-in-europe-exploring-the-connections) accessed 26 February 2025.
ETC HE, 2023, Long-term trends of air pollutants at European and national level 2005-2021, Report No 2023/8, European Environment Agency (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2023-8-long-term-trends-of-air-pollutants-at-european-and-national-level-2005-2021) accessed 17 October 2024.
ETC-HE, 2025a. ETC-HE Report 2025/1: Status report of air quality in Europe for year 2024, using validated and up-to-date data (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2025-1-status-report-of-air-quality-in-europe-for-year-2024-using-validated-and-up-to-date-data) accessed 8 April 2025.
ETC-HE, 2025b. ETC-HE Report 2025/2: Status report of air quality in Europe for year 2023, using validated data (https://www.eionet.europa.eu/etcs/etc-he/products/etc-he-products/etc-he-reports/etc-he-report-2025-2-status-report-of-air-quality-in-europe-for-year-2023-using-validated-data) accessed 8 April 2025.
EU, 2004, Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air.
EU, 2008, Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, pp. 1-44).
EU, 2024, Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast) (OJ L, 2024/2881, 20.11.2024).
MITECO, 2024, Evaluación de la calidad del aire en España 2023 (https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/sgalsi/atm%c3%b3sfera-y-calidad-del-aire/evaluaci%c3%b3n-2023/Informe%20evaluacion%20calidad%20aire%20Espa%c3%b1a%202023.pdf).
WHO, 2021, ‘WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines’ (https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/who-global-air-quality-guidelines) accessed 28 January 2025.