Key energy data sources
There are three main international organisations which gather energy data from questionnaires and studies, according to the scope of their responsibilities. The main data sources are Eurostat (CEC), the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the United Nations (UN). Results from questionnaire exercises are published regularly by these organisations, and there is substantial coordination between them in terms of classification, methodology and definitions.Eurostat: publications such as Energy Balance Sheets (eg, CEC, 1991) and the Energy Yearly Statistics (eg, CEC, 1993a) series give full and complete coverage for the EU but do not include forecasts, or data for Central and Eastern Europe. The Directorate General for Energy (DG XVII) of the CEC uses Eurostat data for the EU, supplemented by data from other sources, to provide up-to-date commentary on energy such as in its Energy in Europe series (eg, CEC, 1993b). These include complete energy balance data, with forecasts as well as historical data. Data are presented by individual EU countries and grouped into world regions.International Energy Agency (IEA): the IEA compiles annual statistics for OECD countries on energy production and consumption by fuels and sectors, such as in the publications Energy Balances of OECD Countries (eg, IEA, 1993a) and Energy Statistics of OECD countries (eg, IEA, 1993b). The IEA also publishes energy balances for non-OECD countries, including Central and Eastern European countries (eg, IEA, 1993c).Until 1993 UNECE collected data which were published each year (eg, UNECE, 1993). Data cover basic production and consumption of primary energy and reserves, and include renewable energy sources by type and by individual country. No forecasts are included.From these sources energy data on total production and consumption are available for most countries except the newly independent states of the former USSR. However, sectoral fuel consumption data, on which to base analyses of energy efficiency prospects, is limited for all countries. Substantial errors are likely to exist in particular for Central and Eastern Europe where the use of energy was not measured in the past. For example, the IEA reports differences between IEA's own estimates and those made by the former Czechoslovakia for 1990 energy balance data, using IEA estimates as the base see Table below (IEA, 1992).  IEA methodformerCzechoslovakiamethod Difference in data MtoeMtoe Mtoe per cent Total final consumption of solid fuels 10.821.610.8+100.0 Industry petroleum2.7 6.33.6+133.0 District heating and combined heat and power(CHP)12.72.410.381.1 Even larger errors are to be expected in emissions data, and in some countries estimates do not yet exist for all major gases. In addition to better information on fuel type and energy production, improvements in emissions reporting and forecasts will require the establishment of detailed inventories of major energy-using plant and equipment (ie, boilers, power stations, vehicle stock), their age, size, type of technology and current use of pollution control equipment. This task is being tackled in the CORINAIR project (see Chapter 14, Box 14C).Country groupingsGiven the form, described above, in which existing energy statistics are published, the following country groups have been used to present the data in this chapter:European Union (EU): Twelve Member States for both current and historical data. Up to and including 1990 this excludes East Germany, which is included in the Central and Eastern Europe group. Forecasts of data presented refer to Germany beyond 1990, and therefore include East Germany as part of the EU or Western Europe.EFTA: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Liechtenstein.Western Europe: EU and EFTA combined.Central Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the remaining territory of the former Yugoslavia.Former USSR: the whole of the former Soviet Union, including the Baltic Republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the Russian Federation.Central and Eastern Europe: Central Europe and the European part of the former USSR.Where Europe as a whole is referred to this includes the EU, EFTA, Central and Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Malta; the degree to which the former USSR is included or excluded is always stated.
From these sources energy data on total production and consumption are available for most countries except the newly independent states of the former USSR. However, sectoral fuel consumption data, on which to base analyses of energy efficiency prospects, is limited for all countries. Substantial errors are likely to exist in particular for Central and Eastern Europe where the use of energy was not measured in the past. For example, the IEA reports differences between IEA's own estimates and those made by the former Czechoslovakia for 1990 energy balance data, using IEA estimates as the base see Table below (IEA, 1992).
Even larger errors are to be expected in emissions data, and in some countries estimates do not yet exist for all major gases. In addition to better information on fuel type and energy production, improvements in emissions reporting and forecasts will require the establishment of detailed inventories of major energy-using plant and equipment (ie, boilers, power stations, vehicle stock), their age, size, type of technology and current use of pollution control equipment. This task is being tackled in the CORINAIR project (see Chapter 14, Box 14C).
Country groupings
Given the form, described above, in which existing energy statistics are published, the following country groups have been used to present the data in this chapter:European Union (EU): Twelve Member States for both current and historical data. Up to and including 1990 this excludes East Germany, which is included in the Central and Eastern Europe group. Forecasts of data presented refer to Germany beyond 1990, and therefore include East Germany as part of the EU or Western Europe.EFTA: Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Liechtenstein.Western Europe: EU and EFTA combined.Central Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and the remaining territory of the former Yugoslavia.Former USSR: the whole of the former Soviet Union, including the Baltic Republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the Russian Federation.Central and Eastern Europe: Central Europe and the European part of the former USSR.Where Europe as a whole is referred to this includes the EU, EFTA, Central and Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Malta; the degree to which the former USSR is included or excluded is always stated.
Where Europe as a whole is referred to this includes the EU, EFTA, Central and Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Malta; the degree to which the former USSR is included or excluded is always stated.