Table 36.4 - Waste control options

Source: Alberti, 1992

Approaches Measures Examples of regulations
Effect-oriented measures Set limits on ambient concentration Ambient quality standards

Maximum Risk Limits

Clean-up of contaminated sites Clean-up regulation Strict liability
Emission-oriented measures Restrictions on emissions from incineration Emission standards Performance standards Specifications for landfill
Restrictions on landfill for hazardous substances
Require adoption of Best Available Technologies for waste treatment Integrated pollution control permit Best Available Technology
Restrictions on movement of hazardous waste Manifest system for waste transport Transfrontier movement regulations
Source-oriented measures Set reduction targets for priority waste streams Priority waste streams lists Waste streams reduction implementation plans
Require adoption of Best Available Technologies for production processes Best Available Technology
Product-oriented measures Restrictions on products and packaging materials Regulations on products
­ labelling
­ disposal
Ecolabelling of products Regulation on packaging
­ products
­ waste
Ban or phase-out of certain hazardous substances International conventions banning certain substances (eg, CFCs)
Restrictions on the use of certain substances in manufacturing processes Phase-out of toxic substances from packaging materials