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Over the past ten years, ‘deposit-oriented’ solutions have been increasingly replaced by prevention and recycling. Municipal and hazardous wastes are in focus in waste management planning: the former is mainly due to the development of consumption trends, the latter is due to the adverse effects on human health and to environmental media. We also have to mention here the significant amount of potentially hazardous wastes generated by the economic activity of earlier decades at a number of sites. The elimination of harmful effects caused by polluting wastes requires costly remediation measures.
The total amount of waste had decreased significantly by 2008 (56 % of the level in 2000) mainly due to the economic restructuring of this period, the reduction of industrial and agricultural production waste.
(thousand tons)
|
2000 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
Municipal solid waste |
4 552 |
4 592 |
4 646 |
4 711 |
4 594 |
4 553 |
Municipal liquid waste |
5 500 |
4 569 |
4 939 |
4 514 |
4 165 |
3 925 |
Hazardous waste |
3 393 |
970 |
1 203 |
1 367 |
1 082 |
715 |
Wastes from agriculture and food processing industry |
5 000 |
6 215 |
4 857 |
3 940 |
4 858 |
1 188 |
Industrial and other production waste |
16 455 |
9 639 |
8 784 |
8 079 |
7 489 |
7 386 |
Construction and demolition waste |
5 100 |
4 060 |
4 129 |
3 996 |
3 670 |
4 882 |
Total amount of waste (without sewage sludge) |
40 000 |
30 045 |
28 558 |
26 607 |
25 858 |
22 647 |
The amount of municipal solid waste increased up to 2006 – contrary to the decreasing trend of total waste generation. This can be explained by two main reasons: first, the change in consumption structure, secondly the extension of statistical records.
Municipal solid waste collection as a public service is available at almost all settlements except in some villages with only a few inhabitants. The share of households involved in regular waste collection and transport increased to 92.4 % in 2008 from 85.1 % in 2000. Households not included in this service are mostly farms and resort properties.
The volume of municipal liquid waste collected is decreasing in parallel with the increasing level of canalisation, while the amount of construction-demolition waste mainly depends on the number of construction projects.
The quantity of hazardous waste generated each year has decreased significantly. However, in some years, wastes arising from remediation have to be taken into account.
The quantity of hazardous waste generated each year decreased significantly, however, in some years, wastes arising from remediation. Have to be taken into account (In the years 2004-2007, 300-400 thousand tons of hazardous wastes arising from remediation had to be treated). The total amount also depends on the evolution of classification. The very significant decrease of the figure in 2002-2003 is primarily explained by the introduction of the EU waste list. According to the new waste list, which has been in force since early 2002, some types of waste – e.g. red mud from aluminium production, the considerable amount of animal waste and hospital waste - are not considered as hazardous waste.
In accordance with the related
environmental policy objectives, the rate of waste disposal has decreased
significantly, by approximately 20 %, since 2000. The recycling rate is improving steadily with the parallel
decrease of the waste volume to be treated (recycling rate for the total
quantity of waste ranges between 25-35 % per year* – see Table 2.),
although somewhat lower than the EU average.
Name |
2000 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
||||||
1000 tonnes |
% |
1000 tonnes |
% |
1000 tonnes |
% |
1000 tonnes |
% |
1000 tonnes |
% |
1000 tonnes |
% |
|
Amount of waste |
40 000 |
30 045 |
28 558 |
26 607 |
25 858 |
22 647 |
||||||
Recycling |
10 190 |
25.5 |
9 087 |
30.2 |
7 832 |
27.4 |
6 698 |
25.2 |
5 341 |
20.7 |
6 142 |
27.1 |
Energy recovery |
800 |
2.0 |
911 |
3.0 |
1 271 |
4.5 |
1 627 |
6.1 |
1 355 |
5.2 |
765 |
3.4 |
Incineration |
190 |
0.5 |
170 |
0.6 |
53 |
0.2 |
101 |
0.4 |
78 |
0.3 |
65 |
0.3 |
Disposal |
21 175 |
52.9 |
17 416 |
58.0 |
13 603 |
47.6 |
13 594 |
51.1 |
11 326 |
43.8 |
9 563 |
42.2 |
Other |
7 645 |
19.1 |
2 461 |
8.2 |
5 799 |
20.3 |
4 587 |
17.2 |
7 759 |
30.0 |
6 112 |
27.0 |
*It should be noted that the overall recycling rate is significantly degraded by the account of the municipal liquid waste treatment. Recycling rate for municipal liquid waste is low because it is essentially treated as sewage.
2008 |
Total amount of waste (thousand tons) |
Recycling |
Energy Recovery |
Total (recycling and recovery) |
|||
(thousand tons) |
(%) |
(thousand tons) |
(%) |
(thousand tons) |
(%) |
||
Wastes of agriculture and food industry |
1 188 |
553 |
46.5 |
168 |
14.2 |
721 |
60.7 |
Non-hazardous industrial and other production waste |
7 386 |
2 495 |
33.8 |
163 |
2.2 |
2 658 |
36.0 |
Construction-demolition waste |
4 882 |
2 231 |
45.7 |
0 |
0,0 |
2 231 |
45.7 |
Municipal solid waste |
4 553 |
692 |
15.2 |
393 |
8.6 |
1.086 |
23.8 |
Municipal liquid waste |
3 925 |
5 |
0.1 |
- |
- |
5 |
0,1 |
Hazardous waste |
714 |
167 |
23.3 |
40 |
5.6 |
207 |
28.9 |
Total |
22 647 |
6 143 |
27.1 |
764 |
3.4 |
6 908 |
30.5 |
According to the types of waste, the recycling rate of municipal waste and construction-demolition waste is increasing continuously (in 2007 approximately 33 %, in 2008 45 %). The results of the measures taken to bolster selective waste collection and recycling are most noticeable in the case of municipal solid waste.
(thousand tons)
Name |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008. |
Amount of municipal solid waste |
4 552 |
4 603 |
4 646 |
4 693 |
4 591 |
4 646 |
4 711 |
4 594 |
4 553 |
Recycling |
350 |
360 |
400 |
490 |
540 |
444 |
490 |
554 |
692 |
Energy recovery |
340 |
350 |
280 |
240 |
155 |
303 |
389 |
383 |
393 |
Disposed |
3 760 |
3 800 |
3 890 |
3 900 |
3 857 |
3 859 |
3 792 |
3 428 |
3 341 |
Other |
- |
- |
- |
-. |
40 |
40 |
40 |
229 |
126 |
Figure 2. The composition of municipal solid waste in percentage, 2007
(Source: MoRD)
In connection with changing consumption patterns, increased attention has to be paid to the issue of packaging waste. The quantity of packaging waste generated has varied in terms of trends according to the different types. The recycling rate is crucially dependent on economic rationality, but the progress shown is still considerable, the recycling rate is increasing in both absolute quantity and in proportion.
|
|
2002 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
|
Glass |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
165 |
172 |
126 |
139 |
144 |
138 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
20 |
26 |
26 |
29 |
30 |
39 |
|
|
% |
12.1 |
15.0 |
20.5 |
20.7 |
20.7 |
27.8 |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
20 |
26 |
26 |
29 |
30 |
39 |
|
|
% |
12.1 |
15.0 |
20.5 |
20.7 |
20.7 |
27.8 |
|
Paper** |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
370 |
393 |
296 |
304 |
348 |
348 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
216 |
275 |
275 |
301 |
321 |
335 |
|
|
% |
54.3 |
70.0 |
93.0 |
99.0 |
92.1 |
96.2 |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
201 |
263 |
254 |
287 |
301 |
316 |
|
|
% |
54.3 |
67.0 |
85.8 |
94.2 |
86.5 |
90.6 |
|
Metal |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
95 |
85 |
63 |
61 |
67 |
78 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
35 |
41 |
43 |
39 |
44 |
52 |
|
|
% |
36.8 |
48.0 |
67.9 |
64.2 |
65.2 |
66,4 |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
35 |
41 |
43 |
39 |
44 |
52 |
|
|
% |
36.8 |
48.0 |
67.9 |
64.2 |
65.2 |
66.4 |
|
Plastic |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
160 |
165 |
188 |
199 |
218 |
215 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
29 |
33 |
65 |
42 |
97 |
91 |
|
|
% |
18.1 |
20.0 |
34.7 |
21.4 |
43.8 |
42.3 |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
15 |
23 |
36 |
40 |
37 |
54 |
|
|
% |
9.3 |
14.0 |
19.2 |
20.4 |
17.0 |
25.1 |
|
Wood** |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
n.a. |
n.a. |
178 |
181 |
188 |
223 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
n.a. |
n.a. |
37 |
40 |
38 |
51 |
|
|
% |
n.a. |
n.a. |
20.8 |
22.1 |
20.3 |
22.9 |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
n.a. |
n.a. |
33 |
37 |
37 |
50 |
|
|
% |
n.a. |
n.a. |
18.3 |
20.6 |
19.7 |
22.6 |
|
Other |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
0 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
0 |
0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
% |
- |
- |
0.0 |
5.4 |
2.1 |
- |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
0 |
0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
% |
- |
- |
0.0 |
5.4 |
2.1 |
- |
|
Total |
Generated amount [thousand tons] |
790 |
815 |
853 |
885 |
968 |
1 005 |
|
Total recycling |
[thousand tons] |
300 |
375 |
446 |
452 |
528 |
568 |
|
|
% |
37.9 |
46.0 |
52.3 |
51.1 |
54.6 |
56.5 |
|
Recycled as the same material |
[thousand tons] |
271 |
353 |
392 |
433 |
449 |
510 |
|
|
% |
34.2 |
43.3 |
45.9 |
48.9 |
46.4 |
50.8 |
On-site selective collection is a prerequisite for the recycling of packaging waste. The largest proportion of selective waste is currently coming from institutional, industrial and commercial selective waste collection. Non- household packaging waste is almost entirely selectively collected.
(within the activities of the coordinating organisations), 2003-2008. (Source: Öko-Pannon Ltd.)
Selective collection of household waste has increased during the last couple of years, to 11 % of all recycled waste, but it is still far behind the potential, taking into account that the household selective waste collection is currently based on the less efficient ’selective waste collection island‘ solution.
As a result of the previous developments, the selective waste collection
system is available at more than 1 200 settlements countrywide,
for 55 % of the population. The number of selective collection islands is
almost 8 000, together with almost 100 waste yards, and 40 regional
composting plants.
The disposal rate of municipal solid waste is declining, and a further positive
development is that through the upgrading of landfills and through the
establishment of new regional landfills, deposition can be managed without
environmental pollution. In addition to this, in recent years - mostly under EU
co-financed projects - 328 landfills have been recultivated (the recultivation
of the remaining, abandoned and unclosed landfills is still ongoing).
2008 |
Total amount of waste (thousand tons) |
Incineration |
Deposition |
Total treatment |
|||
(thousand tons) |
(%) |
(thousand tons) |
(%) |
(thousand tons) |
(%) |
||
Wastes of agriculture and food industry |
1 188 |
1 |
0.1 |
7 |
0.6 |
8 |
0.7 |
Non hazardous industrial and other production wastes |
7 386 |
5 |
0.1 |
3 349 |
45.3 |
3 354 |
45.4 |
Construction-demolition waste |
4 882 |
0 |
0.0 |
2 650 |
54.3 |
2 650 |
54.3 |
Municipal solid waste |
4 552 |
0 |
0.0 |
3 341 |
73.4 |
3 341 |
73.4 |
Municipal liquid waste |
3 925 |
- |
- |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
Hazardous waste |
714 |
60 |
8.4 |
216 |
30.2 |
276 |
38.6 |
Total |
22 647 |
66 |
0.3 |
9 563 |
42.2 |
9 629 |
42.5 |
(thousand tonnes)
|
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
Total amount of hazardous waste |
958 |
1201 |
1367 |
1053 |
714 |
Recycling |
362 |
156 |
278 |
164 |
167 |
Energy recovery |
50 |
93 |
121 |
42 |
40 |
Incineration |
63 |
44 |
94 |
57 |
60 |
Disposal |
101 |
190 |
771 |
552 |
215 |
Other |
382 |
718 |
104 |
238 |
232 |
The
inspection of incinerators was finalised in 2005. Incinerators that did not
meet the environmental criteria were closed or modernised. As a result,
pollutant emissions from incinerators decreased by 30 %. Every incinerator operating currently meets regulations.
Moreover, all have some kind of energy or heat recovery system. Incineration -
in particular because of the social image – is typically aimed at hazardous
waste. 40 % of thermally treated hazardous waste is used directly for
energy recovery (usually by co-burning).
The recovery of hazardous and industrial non-hazardous waste has decreased together
with the decline in production, so even existing capacities are not fully utilised.
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/2010/countries/hu/waste-state-and-impacts-hungary or scan the QR code.
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