Are we moving in the right direction? Indicators on transport and environmental integration in the EU: TERM 2000

Land take

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Are we moving in the right direction? Indicators on transport and environmental integration in the EU: TERM 2000

Indicator 6: Land take

Land is under continuous pressure for new transport infrastructure: during 1990-1996, a total of some 25 000 ha, about 10 ha of land every day, were taken for motorway construction in the EU.

Figure 1.16: Average daily land take by new motorways (EU)

Source: Eurostat

Objective

Minimise land take per transport unit.

Definition

Annual land take by transport mode, including direct land take (i.e. area covered by the transport infrastructure) and indirect land take (associated land take for security areas, junctions and service areas, stations, parking, etc.).

Policy and targets

Land resources in much of Europe are relatively scarce, and achieving a sustainable balance between competing land uses is a key issue for all development policies. New initiatives, such as the European Spatial Development Perspective, are specifically addressing the spatial impact of policies (including transport) on the European territory.

Land taken by transport is withdrawn from other uses. Land take in natural areas may lead to a decrease of biodiversity, as may fragmentation by linear infrastructures such as roads, railways or canals (see Indicator 5). Take of agricultural or forestry land may have harmful environmental effects (e.g. visual impact on landscapes) as well as socio-economic impacts.

There are few quantitative targets for this indicator. The Common Transport Policy advocates an optimal use of existing infrastructure, and some Member States have developed land-use policies and plans that restrict additional transport developments in certain areas.

In Germany, a land-take target of 30 ha per day by 2020 (compared to 120 ha per day in 1997) has been proposed for the Environment-Barometer indicator . increase per day in area covered by human settlements and traffic routes.

Findings

There is little data available on annual land take by different transport modes. Total land take so far (direct plus indirect) per transport mode in each Member State is shown in Figure 1.17. Transport infrastructure covers 1.2 % of the total available land area in the EU. Road transport is by far the main consumer of land for transport. The road network (motorways, state, provincial and municipal roads) occupies 93 % of the total area of land used for transport in the EU15. Rail is responsible for only 4 % of land take. Airports in Europe (including military airports) occupy over 1 500 km² (1 %), slightly more than the area covered by canals for water transport.

Figure1.17: Total land take by transport infrastructure (1996)

Source: Eurostat, EEA

Land-take efficiency (the ratio between land used and the infrastructure. s traffic carrying capacity) varies strikingly from one infrastructure type to another. For example, compared to road transport, railways require the lowest land take per transport unit (i.e. passenger-km and tonne-km): land take per passenger-km by rail is about 3.5 times lower than for passenger cars (IEEA, 1999b).

The potential environmental impact of transport infrastructure depends strongly on the type of land affected (including its immediate surroundings). Figure 1.18 shows that road and rail infrastructure withdraws land mainly from agricultural use and to a lesser extent from built-up areas. The share of land take in semi-natural areas and wetlands is slightly more for roads than for railways. Other important factors are the infrastructure characteristics, which determine, for example, the visual impact on the landscape and the extent to which the infrastructure constitutes a barrier hampering the movement of animals or people.

Disused railway land is a valuable resource. Its reuse (e.g. as nature area, walking or cycling paths) provides an important development opportunity with considerable environmental implications. After returning this land to nature, its success as a terrestrial habitat may depend upon the implementation of protection or management measures for particular species (Carpenter, 1994).

Figure 1.18: Land take by roads and railways (including their immediate surroundings) according to land-cover type (EU, 1997)

Source: EEA

Future work

To compare modes, land take needs to be linked to the traffic capacity of each mode. This requires data (length according to various infrastructure types, width, geographic location, etc.) that is currently not regularly collected by Member States.
Land cover types are inventoried through the European CORINE land cover programme, which is to be updated every 10 years (during which time a 2 to 5 % change in land cover can be expected). Collection of data on new transport infrastructure (causing land take) by Member States may be required.

Data Table 1.5: Direct and indirect land take by transport
Infrastructure type		Land take (ha / km)
		direct	direct + indirect
Road	motorway	2.5	7.5
	state road	2	6
	provincial road	1.5	4.5
	municipal road	0.7	2
Rail	conventional and high-speed	1	3
Water	canal	5	10
Air		none (runways not considered)	airports
Source: EEA-ETC/LC Note: Estimates for motorways and high-speed train lines (based on assumptions about the number of lanes or tracks and their average width) may be of variable quality, for example they may not take account of associated facilities such as garages, filling stations and parking areas.